Chapter 3: Form & Space

Form & Space: The Unity of Opposites

Describes how people visually perceive positive (figures) and negative (background) elements.

The building is the positive space and the courtyard is the negative space. The building encloses a portion of its site as an outdoor area, partly sheltered. The positive and negative space cannot exist without each other.

 

Defining Space with Horizontal Elements: Overhead Plane

Any form placed in a space changes the volume of the space and claims its own territory.
This covered porch uses an overhead plane to create shelter while remaining an outdoor space. The columns help to visually establish the limits of the defined space without disrupting the flow. You can easily travel between the columns and they do not obstruct from the view.

Defining Space with Vertical Linear Elements: Single Vertical Elements

Describes how the visual limits are effected by vertical boundaries.
The columns that hold up the roof over this outdoor shelter help define the space. There are no walls, but there is a boundary created by the vertical posts.

 Qualities of Architectural Space: Degree of Closure

Four vertical planes are typically used to encompass a field of space. One or more can be differentiated.

This kitchen is partially enclosed with a wall that has openings. The space definitely loses its sense of enclosure with the large opening in the wall. The emphasis is on the enclosing walls rather than the volume of the kitchen space as a whole.

Openings in Space-Defining Elements: Within Planes
Used to create continuity within adjacent spaces. 
 The windows openings on this plane create visual continuity with the view outside, while the door creates physical continuity with the outdoor space beyond. Continuity is not possible without these openings.